* Real Science Radio Answers the Moon Hoax Claims: Now that Neil Armstrong has passed away, the moon landing hoax is also going. As a tribute to the first man to walk on the moon, we rebut the many claims of the alleged landing hoax. RSR hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams discuss:
- the passing of Neil Armstrong
- the first eating and drinking on the moon was Buzz Aldrin's communion
- the definitive rebuttals to the various moon landing hoax allegations (see below)
- that NASA seriously feared too much lunar dust (and yes, it accumulates fast)
- that the latest data shows that the moon dust argument is valid after all
- the many transient lunar events (that shouldn't be happening if the moon is old) 
 - (post show) what changed the moon's 30-day orbit to one of 29.5 days
- the right cross (punch in the face, in Christian love of course) that Aldrin delivered right on target to a conspiracy theory filmmaker.

* Post-show Updates:
- Why does the recently created moon have so many craters?
- Why the near side is more severely hit even though the far side is more cratered?
- rsr.org/captain-alan-bean has our 2017 interview with an astronaut who walked on the Moon.
- Various theories on the Moon's formation and sourcing Harvard Prof. Irwin Shapiro's quote.
- Share this rsr.org/flat-earth link with anyone suffering from that ailment.

But see this first. Compared to viewing it from the northern hemisphere, the night sky shows the stars rotating in the opposite direction while the Moon appears upside down, from the southern hemisphere, which is a simple cure for the flat earth syndrome.

* Moon Landing and Hoax Sources: We are glad, once again, to speak out against a conspiracy theory. Bob Enyart was one of hundreds of millions of people who on July 21, 1969 watched the broadcast of man's first step on the moon. Four decades later Aug. 4, 2010 to familiarize himself with the moon landing hoax allegations and to learn how best to refute them, with producer Will he watched
- Conspiracy Theory: Did we land on the moon, 2001 (CT)
- Mythbusters on the moon landing (MB)
- Apollo 11, First Steps on the Moon (FSOTM) a documentary of NASA officials explaining the risks and uncertainties that threatened the mission. 1998 Global Science Productions
- Honorable mention: see also the moon hoax page from Discovery channel's Phil Plait

* Answering Specific Moon Landing Hoax Claims (collected from the CT video and elsewhere)

- Can't see stars in various photos: The bright foreground and dark background composition of such photos results in a photographic effect whereby dimmer objects, such as stars in the sky, do not appear.

- Buzz Aldrin way too bright: The back of lunar lander is lit up even though conspiracists claim it should be dark because it is in shadow. Likewise, the same iconic photo shows Buzz Aldrin stepping onto the moon in the shadow of the lander but his space suit is bright white. Nvidia, the world's leading graphics equipment manufacturer, in 2018 decided to highlight their cutting edge technical abilities by graphically analyzing this entire scene. They show how stars disappear with a bright foreground; the reflectivity of the dust on the moon lighting up the lander; the significant reflection on Buzz Aldrin from Neil Armstrong's highly reflective space suit; and the white glare of Armstrong's suit peaking through the photo taken by the lander's own camera. All in this brief video...

- Craters on moon may actually be from Area 51: "Conspiracy Theory" aired prior to Google Earth displaying Area 51. Conspiracy theorists have not since not linked to, nor otherwise documented there, the alleged terrestrial moon landscapes.

- No engine noise: On Star Trek TV shows, there is a quiet hum from the engines during typical scenes that take place on the ship. However, the audio from the Lunar Lander is very quiet and an astronaut even mentioned how quiet it was. Sound waves don't propagate in space, so while on earth engine noise will bounce back off the air surrounding a car on the highway, that effect doesn't exist in space. The only engine noise would have been transferred through the craft's structure, which could certainly be audible, but NASA explains that the all important insulation on the craft would significantly dampen that sound.

- No crater in the dust from Lunar Module landings: Photos and videos don't show landing craters below modules, even though NASA artwork previously predicted such craters would result from blown away dust. Of course, the depth of any expected crater would originally be influenced by NASA's fear of deep dust. (See RSF's NASA feared deep dust on the moon.)

- Missing Lunar Module in photo: A photograph exists of a distinctive moonscape without the lunar module, and then another with the same moonscape that includes the lunar module in the photo. When the module blasts off, it leaves its base, so the first photo seems to have been taken prior to the astronauts landing on the moon. The answer lies in the hills of the moonscape being very far away and because there is no atmosphere on the moon, the image has great clarity giving the impression that the hills are nearby. Then, when the camera is moved just a hundred yards or so to one side and snaps a photo in the same direction, the Lander is no longer in the frame, but the background is hardly changed, because of its distance. Careful examination of the famous photos does show the parallax however. A YouTube video has a great example and actual photos showing that parallax.

* Dr. Carl Werner Pressures Museums to Show the Birds: On Real Science Radio, executive producer of the "Evolution: Grand Experiment" series, Dr. Werner, lists the many modern bird species that museums worldwide are refusing to display in their dinosaur exhibits. In this way Carl continues to expose the Darwinist bias in museums and textbooks that lead to scientific illiteracy regarding a primary theme of fossil evidence. For example, with 432 mammal species excavated by paleontologists, that means that the number of mammal species from dinosaur layers is now approaching the total number of dinosaur species. (Note: For each of Dr. Werner's DVDs, he also has written a book of the same title.)

For today's show RSR recommends
Dr. Carl Werner's DVDs, Living Fossils and
its prequel Evolution, the Grand Experiment!

* Regarding Living and Fossil Plants: Dr. Werner quotes Dr. Peter Crane of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London about plant fossils excavated from dinosaur-layer strata: "I always think about the late Cretaceous, that if you were there... the vegetation would have looked really very much like today: Dogwoods, tulip trees, magnolias, and so on..."

* Dr. Carl Werner's Museum Exposé: On Real Science Radio, Dr. Carl Werner exposes widespread museum bias. Bob Enyart talks to Dr. Werner about how museums ignore the 432 mammal species (now 433) excavated by paleontologists from dinosaur layers. Carl also explains how evolutionists systematically give different species names, and even different genus names, to the fossil and living animals that appear identical. (Note: For each of Dr. Werner's DVDs, he also has written a book of the same title.)

For today's show Real Science Radio recommends
Dr. Carl Werner's DVDs, Living Fossils and
its prequel Evolution, the Grand Experiment!

* By the Book -- Living Fossils: Of about 100 side-by-side comparisons of often identical-looking fossil organisms and their living counterparts in Dr. Werner's Living Fossils book, about 85 percent of the time evolutionists have assigned the organisms completely different scientific species and genus names. In the cases where the living and fossil organisms share the same genus name but have different species names, oftentimes they appear to be virtually identical, as with magnolia trees, redwoods, etc. And with the approximately 15% of creatures that have the same species names in his book, both of Dr. Werner's observations above hold, and especially, that countless modern organisms lived, and were buried, with dinosaurs! Of course, such Darwinist bias provides the illusion of evolution, since then the reader/student assumes there must have been such great change over the alleged millions of years, that it was necessary to classify the creature under two completely different genera.

* Regarding Living and Fossil Plants: Dr. Werner quotes Dr. Peter Crane of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London about plant fossils excavated from dinosaur-layer strata: "I always think about the late Cretaceous, that if you were there... the vegetation would have looked really very much like today: Dogwoods, tulip trees, magnolias, and so on..."

* See Online Carl Werner's List of Living Fossils: Dr. Werner's List of Living Fossils was put online by RSR with the help of ICR's Brian Thomas.  While Wikipedia's list of these "Lazarus" fossils is helpful, Carl's list is even more valuable because it records which layer or layers (i.e., "periods" or systems), the Triassic, Jurassic, or Cretaceous, that a fossil was excavated from. Our online list is nothing but text, whereas Dr. Werner's DVD has the highest production value and his hardcovered Living Fossils work is as beautiful as any coffee table book. Both the DVD and the book are filled with stunning photographs documenting the fossils and the living organisms. RSR highly recommends both of these valuable resources! You can purchase the beautiful Living Fossils book and DVD by clicking those links!

* Post-show Update on the Pygmy Whale Living Fossil: A few months after we aired this program, yet another living fossil was discovered, the Pygmy Whale, a member of "a group thought to have gone extinct 2 million years ago." This LiveScience article is also interesting for its acknowledgement of the extremely flexible methodology evolutionists use to try to show common descent. For example, note how Darwinists could select from DNA, or the shape of the snout, or to general similarities in the fossil record, or specifically to the skull, to make a claim of what evolved from what:

[1] DNA analysis suggested pygmy right whales diverged from modern baleen whales... between 17 million and 25 million years ago. However, the pygmy [2] whales' snouts suggested they were more closely related to the family of whales that includes the bowhead whale. Yet there were [3] no studies of fossils showing how the pygmy whale had evolved, Marx said. To understand how the pygmy whale fit into the lineage of whales, Marx and his colleagues carefully [4] analyzed the skull bones and other fossil fragments from pygmy right whales and several other ancient cetaceans.

This illustrates the widely quoted observation made by Walter ReMine, which we asked him about on RSR: that evolution theory is more like a fog. A fog settles on the landscape. Neo-Darwinism is not a theory that can be tested. Rather, you throw data at it, and the theory simply morphs around the data. As ReMine put it, "Evolutionary theory adapts to data like fog adapts to landscape."

* Crinoids: National Geographic writes, "Except to the expert, stalked crinoids... look little different whether 200 million years old (left), or 500 million, or a month old and alive in today's seas."

* Graptolites? Dr. Henry Morris wrote in 2000, "Graptolites have been considered in the past to be index fossils for the Ordovician period, 300 million years old. Yet they recently were found still living in the south Pacific." So today scientists can study their life cycles!

* Lingula anatina (brachiopod): Accessed Nov. 28, 2020 on Wikipedia, "Lingula is often called a "living fossil", as very similar genera have been found all the way back to the Ordovician."

* Evolutionists Hate Function, Fine Tuning, and Living Fossils: 2016 Update. Mark Carnall of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History writes in The Guardian that "it’s unsurprising that creationists often use the example of living fossils in their arguments against evolution." Carnall concludes with, "a call to scientists, educators, documentary makers and journalists to retire the term." Likewise regarding fine-tuning, an agnostic over at Reddit writes, "To even use the term 'fine tuning' when discussing the universe itself... is an example of frequently used creationist dishonesty." This parallels the 2011 article in the journal Bioessays, We need a new language for evolution... everywhere, which suggests that biologists should stop using terms like "design" and "function". So these evolutionists certainly would agree that the laws of physics and chemistry have no symbolic logic functions. Yet the genetic language of life is filled with symbols like the 3-to-1 representation of one amino acid by three genetic letters. Regardless, there is no way for materialists to even think about the question of how a genetic "code" might arise naturally. And finally, just fyi, RSR has added a prediction on all this to our rsr.org/creationist-predictions page.

* Real Science Radio Launches YoungEarth.COM: With today's broadcast, Denver's RSR program, airing on Colorado's most powerful radio station, announces a new resource for the general public. RSR designed its age-of-the-earth website, YoungEarth.com, to bring accurate scientific information to a wider audience.

* Haldane's Dilemma Unanswered for 50 Years Falsifies Darwinism: Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart and Fred Williams conclude their four-part interview with engineer and information expert Walter ReMine presenting Haldane's Dilemma. (In fact an alias for this page is HaldanesDilemma.com.) As addressed in ReMine's classic book, The Biotic Message, Bob, Fred and Walter ReMine describe this "speed limit of evolution" as discovered by a founder of population genetics, J.B.S. Haldane, one of the top evolutionists of the 20th century. While Haldane himself remained an evolutionist till the end, ReMine is credited with doing perhaps more than anyone else to remind the world that in more than half a century of trying, evolutionists have been unable to answer Haldane's unintended falsification of Darwinian evolution.

It is much easier for a mouse to get a set of genes
which enable it to resist Bacillus typhimurium
than a set which enable it to resist cats.
-- J.B.S. Haldane :)

* Haldane Hires Mendel's Accountant: Along with famous Cornell geneticist John Sanford, Walter ReMine was a contributor to an evolution simulator, Mendel's Accountant (mendelsaccountant.com). You can use this software simulator to see for yourself some of the severe problems with evolution theory including a mutational lode problem called error catastrophe, i.e., extinction. From the program's website, "Each mutation that enters the simulated population is tracked from generation to generation to the end of the experiment - or until that mutation is lost either as a result of selection or random drift. Using a standard personal computer, the MENDEL program can be used to generate and track millions of mutations within a single population."

* Darwinian Systematics Given Up On In the 1970s: It took over a century for Darwinists to acknowledge that the fossil record does not provide proof of common descent of organisms. Called "the trade secret of paleontology" by renowned evolutionist and Harvard professor of paleontology Stephen Jay Gould, this problem has been extensively and specifically admitted by leading evolutionary scientists (the vast majority of whom, regardless, remained evolutionists). Regarding the Darwinist hope of building a hierarchical evolutionary lineage based on excavated fossils, "Those illusions went down the drain in the mid-1970s," says Walter ReMine, when cladistics and phenetics rose up and took their place.

* Phenetics and Cladistics: Phenograms classify biological entities based on overall organism similarity whereas cladistics looks more at specific anatomical or genetic features and builds charts based on nested features. Bob Enyart's current atheist sparring partner, AronRa, claims that clades show evolution. Here's Bob Enyart's description of the illusion of evolutionary cladistics: 

The clade diagram, drawn like a tree, has hard data at the tips of the tree (i.e., the buds, or leaves). The branches of the diagram that connect those tips are themselves inferred. Thus the branches are not proof of that evolution, but they are merely drawn due to the result of the circular assumption of evolution, masquerading as evidence. Sp the cladogram is an illusion of proof. Again, clade diagrams document a nested hierarchy of features such that the hard science is at the tips of the branches with the branches themselves, right down to the trunk, forming an illusion conjured up by assumptions which are presented as though they were actual data. -Bob Enyart, Real Science Radio

* RSR Interviews Walter ReMine Pt. 3: The origin of sexual reproduction is inexplicable to Darwinists. Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart and Fred Williams interview electrical engineer and information expert Walter ReMine to show the failures in evolution theory. ReMine's classic book, The Biotic Message, includes a discussion of the "crisis" admitted by leading Darwinists who lament that after 150 years of trying, evolutionists have been unable to even theoretically explain the origin of sexual reproduction.

Photo: Trudy Wilkerson

* ReMine Quotes Dawkins: "Sexual reproduction is analogous to a roulette game in which the player throws away half his chips at each spin. ...the existence of sexual reproduction really is a huge paradox."

* ReMine Quotes Kitcher: "One problem is the existence of sex. ... Despite some ingenious suggestions by orthodox Darwinians there is no convincing Darwinian history for the emergence of sexual reproduction."

This is a Special (and Sad) Edition of Real Science Radio

* Lessons from Today's Tragic Mass Murder: Bob Enyart and Will discuss the unfortunate and distracting cliches, then the actual causes, and the solutions to America's murder epidemic. The horrendous mass murder at a theater in Aurora, Colorado was not far from the Real Science Radio studio. Bob and Will ask God for help so that they can bring RSF-clarity to this effort to think through public policy regarding criminal justice.

* Flashback: See KGOV.com/search/node/columbine for never before heard recordings about the Columbine massacre and other authoritative insights into the Whys and the Whats, as in What should be done to avoid many such future massacres.

* Fast-forward: See also KGOV.com/sandy-hook-massacre for our continued assessment of the Whys and the Whats.

You Can't Stop Every Crime, But You CAN End an Epidemic

* First Dismiss the Distracting Cliches
- Gun Distraction: Guns were more accessible to Colorado young people 100 years ago, and they weren't killing each other
- Bias Distraction: If the murderer can be connected to conservatives (or even if not) that's the media spin (like the Norway killer, Gabriel Gifford's shooter, etc.)
- Deterrence Doesn't Work Distraction: Even this particular murderer did not want to die and may have been deterred if he expected return fire from law-abiding concealed-carry moviegoers
- Mental Illness Distraction: Schools and other special interests will call for more focus on mental health, yet many of the school shooters have been on psychiatric drugs. Regarding this particular murderer, he knew the consequences of his actions, for he shot unarmed kids and families, but not the police who would have shot back and killed him. And defense attorneys claim temporary insanity, 99.9% of the time, for murder, but not for lesser crimes like shoplifting or failure to come to a complete stop. What? When people go temporarily insane they only commit felonies and not misdemeanors?

* Identify the Causes of America's Crime Epidemic
- Education, entertainment, government, all deny the existence of absolute right and wrong and that absolutes flow from God
- University of Cambridge researchers discovered something all RSR listeners already knew, that, as regards the 2011 riots in Britain, young people who did not commit crimes did not do so because they feared the consequences, nor because they lacked the opportunity, but primarily because they believed that it was "wrong." A professor at the University of California described this study as "among the most significant works in criminology in decades." Oh brother.
- Moral relativism is promoted; what's right for you isn't necessarily right for me
- It's no longer a justice system, now it's just a system
- If it feels good, do it
- Rejection of God's criminal justice system
- Christian leaders don't even give God the courtesy of knowing what He says on criminal matters (like, for example, perjury)
- Public schools teach kids that they're animals, so no one should be shocked when they act like animals
- Incarceration is time-out for adults where all the worst elements gather to drag each other downward
- Criminals and many young people have no fear, even in court before a judge
- Excessive violence from Hollywood and video games, including for young people, destroys innocence, as does hard and "soft" porn
- Society is drugged and drunk, like this murderer, on pot and other drugs
- Killing the innocent today is promoted as a valid solution to problems, as with euthanasia (like Children's Hospital euthanizing a 4-year-old handicapped boy), suicide, and abortion

 * Illusions of Evolution Exposed by Information Engineer: Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart and Fred Williams continue their fascinating interview of electrical engineer and information expert Walter ReMine who made a significant contribution to the anti-evolution literature with his book, The Biotic Message.

* Naive Natural Selection and Uphill Evolution: Today's program explains the difference between naive natural selection, that is, the way the evolutionists sell Darwinism to the public, vs. the convoluted reality of how the theory has itself evolved to attempt to, even theoretically, account for the origin of organs, functions, and species. Fred mentions that Walter ReMine was a contributor to an online evolution simulator, Mendel's Accountant, which anyone can use to see for themselves some of the severe problems with evolution theory including a mutational lode problem called error catastrophe. And speaking of naivety, consider the faith that the Darwin lobby has in mutations, as compared to the hard reality being admitted by leading scientists. From a professor of medical genetics at the University of South Carolina (formerly, ass't professor, biochemistry, at Harvard Medical School), Christian Schwabe: "However, to invoke strings of beneficial mutations that suffice to reshape one animal into the shape of another is not merely unreasonable, it is not science." Schwab, 2001

* 2015 Update Upon Evolutionist Will Provine's Passing: World renowned committed evolutionist Will Provine has passed away. We would want to pray for his soul, if God hadn't made clear that it is appointed unto man once to die, and then the judgment (Heb. 9:27) and that upon death, the great gulf between the redeemed and the lost is impassable (Luke 16:26; in fact just as impassible as Einstein's Gulf). Regarding Walter Remine's observation of natural selection as the evolutionist's magic wand, consider this Cornell Universities comment in the 2001 update to his acclaimed text, Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics:

Having natural selection select is nifty... Such talk was excusable for Charles Darwin, but inexcusable for evolutionists now. Creationists have discovered our empty "natural selection" language, and the "actions" of natural selection make huge, vulnerable targets. The second major problem concerns natural selection at different levels of the evolutionary process. ... The chances are small that a particular DNA sequence in mammals is 'adapted through natural selection.'

* Fitness Terrain as an Example of Natural Selection: Like Richard Dawkins' Climbing Mt. Improbable, Darwinists sell to the public the simple and naive idea that evolution is uphill, ever upward. While that was how the theory began, it's intellectuals soon realized that such a mechanism could not account for Earth's varied species. It turns out that by their own theory what is called "the fitness terrain" presents severe obstacles to evolution, and populations get stuck and further theoretical evolution ceases. Consider Walter ReMine's quote of the Darwinist text, Principles of Population Genetics:

Any population on a... fitness peak is destined to stay there because natural selection will not carry the population down into any of the surrounding valleys and thus, perhaps, into the domain of attraction of a higher fitness peak. The population is simply "stuck". -Harvard Professor Daniel L. Hartl, 1980

* You'd Get Bad Legs Long Before You Got Good Wings: By Darwin's theory, consider a species that had partial legs and was evolving legs. Conceptually speaking, they are marching up the hill, up the fitness terrain. By the theory, eventually, they may end up with great legs! But how are they going to get wings? Wings allegedly evolved from legs in dinosaurs, insects, and bats. A species of dinosaurs, for example, would have to start evolving down the fitness hill, and across a fitness valley, and over some berms, cross a ditch, and up some other fitness hill that would create wings. So, to theorize how a whole species would, over countless generations, evolve back down a fitness hill (essentially de-evolving some functionality), and go across a fitness valley, over to another hill, and start again another improbable climbing, is quite the bizarre intellectual exercise. And this is the soft underbelly of actual Darwinian theory that the evolution evangelists, the high school biology books, and the popular science media, keep far from the public. The masses are simply dumbed down to believe in naive natural selection: upward, ever upward! But in reality, you'd get bad legs long before you got good wings, and since it's survival of the fittest, the whole alleged evolutionary process ends in catastrophe.

Updated 2/2/2021 * RSR interviews Walter ReMine on the Theory of Evolution: Real Science Radio's Bob Enyart and Fred Williams interview electrical engineer and information expert Walter ReMine to identify the specific misdirections and illusions offered by evolutionists when they claim to have established ancestors and evolutionary lineage. ReMine's classic book, The Biotic Message, makes a significant contribution to the anti-evolution literature. See more about this interview below.

* RSR's List of Evidence Against Darwinian Evolution:
- List of genomes that just don't fit at rsr.org/genomes
- List of evidence against whale evolution
- rsr.org/population-genetics and our guest's lecture at NIH
- Journal Nature confirms creationist rejection of rsr.org/junk-DNA
- NewScientist says rsr.org/darwin-was-wrong-about-the-tree-of-life
- RSR spars with evolutionists Coyne, PZ Myers, Eugenie Scott, Krauss & Horner
- List of many thousands of scientists doubting Darwin
- List of our interviews with ID scientists Behe, Meyer, etc.
- Evolution's big squeeze and the discoveries crushing the theory 
- List of multiple things that evolved multiple times
- List of missing transitional fossils
- List of fresh fossils
- List of living fossils (spreadsheet)
- NASA admits to RSR that water is a problem for abiogenesis
- PZ Myers admits he can't answer RSR's simple Trochlea Challenge
- RSR debates opthamology professor from the University of California 
- Lad Allen on RSR on the insurmountable origin of life problems
- List of biomaterial fossil papers re dinosaur bones, etc.
- Lamarckism disproved by the Bible
- Our own evolution simulator at rsr.org/evolve which is nothing compared to the fabulous mendelsaccountant.com!
 

* RSR's Dawkins 3-to-1 Evolution Challenge: Research for an upcoming debate led Bob Enyart to Oxford University in the United Kingdom. So Bob decided to hand deliver a copy of this Dawkins 3-to-1 Challenge to the office of professor emeritus Richard Dawkins, who lectures there for a course titled, Science Literacy: Evolution for Non-Scientists. 

* Trochlea Challenge: PZ blogged about the RSR's debate with evolutionist AronRa so we offered to him this challenge... 

* ReMineism  noun  \ri-mahyn-iz uh m\
1 : presenting an observation that undermines Darwinism as though it affirmed it
2 :  the evolutionist practice of distracting the audience so they don't notice reality
3 : saying of something completely unknown that "we don't yet completely understand it" to imply that evolution can mostly, but just not completely, explain it
4 : switching back and forth between different origins topics in a pretense of answering an original question.
5 : implying that body parts evolved into some species when theoretically only a species could evolve into a species

"[T]hese religion-science skirmishes
have somewhat enigmatically become
a worldwide phenomenon."
-Thomas Aechtner, Univ. of Queensland

* Do Body Parts Evolve Into Other Body Parts? After a century of looking for the ancestors and lineage that Darwinists expected to find among a billion recovered fossils, frustrated evolutionists have invented various illusions to make it seem as though they have identified the origin of countless species. Consider a first example. Organs don't reproduce. That is, eyes don't give birth to baby eyes, and kidneys don't give birth to baby kidneys. Rather, organisms reproduce, and taking them as a group, a species can reproduce. However, increasingly avoiding the problematic attempt to identify the particular species that allegedly evolved into another species, instead Darwinists now present various alternative arguments, and provide the illusion that they have identified a ancestry. For this particular illusion, they select body parts from diverse organisms (even from creatures that they will admit did not evolve from one or the other) and then provide a chart implying that the one body parts demonstrate an evolutionary history. ReMine documents an example of this in the 1985 debate between atheist Philip Kitcher and creationist Duane Gish in which Kitcher presented a chart of body parts from unrelated animals, including two forms that were later, admittedly, fabricated.

* Humans Close to Koalas, Octopus, and Sponge: When building a claimed evolutionary tree, evolutionists compare arbitrarily selected features of anatomy. For humans, if considering fingerprints, then we're close to koalas. Considering the human eye, then we're close to the octopus. But 70% of the genes in the lowly sponge are just like our human genes. So depending upon an arbitrary selection of hundreds of bodily organs or millions of various segments of DNA, any number of conflicting evolutionary trees can be drawn.

* Analyzing the Great Works of Literature -- Via Spelling: Consider Phil Plait's summary explanation for biological evolution, which allegedly generated all of life's diversity. Plait claimed that the origin and diversification of species (genus, family, order, phylum, etc.) that is, neo-Darwinian evolution, is all about a "change in frequency of alleles", or, variations in genes. (This same claim arose when RSR debated atheist AronRa.) This "change in the frequency of alleles" explanation of life's diversity is as insufficient an approach to understanding life as it would be to attempt to comprehend the evolution in the great works of literature by focusing on spelling variations.