* University of Bologna Blue Star Rescue Device: Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams enjoy reporting creation news, this time from the current issue of Creation magazine! The University of Bologna astronomers are trying to figure out why so many billion-year-old star clusters are loaded with so many short-lived blue stars that just aren't expected to be where they are! The guys also discuss the latest analysis of moon rocks, as reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, which shows that the currently popular lunar formation theory just doesn't hold water. Also, plants can perform sophisticated math functions (really)!

* 1st: Nature's 200 Generations! Now, It's the Dutch! As RSR reported earlier this year, the journal Nature explained that the vast majority of human genetic diversity can be explained, not in a million years, but in just 200 generations! Now, it turns out that you don't need to go back to alleged paleolithic ages to explain the uniqueness of the genome of the Dutch. Instead, as published in the journal Investigative Genetics, just 70 generations explains the overall genome-wide diversity of the people in the Netherlands! The leader of the study, Erasmus University' Prof. Manfred Kayser in Rotterdam, summarized their findings, "Because of the overwhelming geological and archaeological records for strong genetic discontinuities we explain our findings by recent rather than ancient events in Dutch population history. Our results not only are of epidemiological and forensic relevance but additionally highlight that future population history studies need to take into account recent demography before assuming all genetic variation observed is due to ancient events." Update: Also in 2013, Max Planck Institute researchers found similar results for Australian Aborigines. By their evolutionary bias, anthropologists have long claimed the first Homo sapiens who settled Australia tens of thousands of years ago. However, genetic and linguistic research conducted by the Max Planck Institute show a similarly dated origin of Aborigines, Sri Lankans and people from southern India, only about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago! 

* Land Bridges: See the image on the right to get a gut feel for how much of the Earth's volume is water. If God took all the water on the Earth and put it into a sphere sitting atop RSR's home state of Colorado, that's about what it would look like from space. On the same image, notice also the continental shelves around the continent. During the program, Fred mentions the land bridges that existed after the global flood that connect the continents... until that is, the days of Peleg!

* RSR Flashback: From Creation magazine's interview of Dr. Carl Werner: "Paleontologists have found 432 mammal species in the dinosaur layers; almost as many as the number of dinosaur species. … But where are these fossils? We visited 60 museums but did not see a single complete mammal skeleton from the dinosaur layers displayed at any of these museums. This is amazing."

* Dr. Werner Compliments the RSR Dino Soft Tissue Page: Carl Werner complimented our DinosaurSoftTissue.com urging us to continue pressing the issue. We agree! With God's help, we'll continue to reach thousands of people with the web's most complete catalog of peer-reviewed journal papers confirming the existence of original biological tissue from dinosaurs!

* Bob Sorensen on the Logical Fallacies of Darwinists: Real Science Radio host Bob Enyart interviews the Question Evolution Day organizer Bob Sorensen about the logical fallacies that permeate evolutionist arguments. (For a great article on logic, reason, and logical fallacies, see Dr. Jonathan Sarfati's article at creation.com/loving-god-with-all-your-mind-logic-and-creation and see also Bob Enyart's ideas about some of the logical fallacies of creationists, below.)

* Flashback: Bob and Bob spoke in January about Sorensen's Question Evolution Project that was inspired by CMI's Question Evolution campaign and includes Sorensen's annual Question Evolution Day observed on Darwin's birthday each February 12th and the related Creation Sunday pulpit event celebrated yearly on the Sunday before or on QED.

* Geology Guy on Strata Deposition: RSR host Bob Enyart interviews Ian, a research assistant to Guy Berthault, one of the daring scientists who do actual research on how sediments are deposited, rather than just accepting the now falsified story about superposition as told by Nicolas Steno.

* However, It Was Liquefaction That Formed the Continent-wide Flat-Gap Strata! [2018 Program Note: Beginning at 28 minutes into RSR's Initial Conditions program on the Grand Canyon, Bob and Bryan Nickel describe how the amazingly flat gaps of the paraconformities (parallel strata) of the canyon formed.] While Berthault's documentation of the amazing sorting ability of flowing water explains some of the world's stratification, there simply isn't enough energy available for flowing water to explain sorted strata that is thousands of feet deep across vast regions. Much of the world's continental surface is covered with beautifully uniform and "flat-gap" boundaries (as though formed by a putty knife) between sediments over hundreds of thousands of square miles around the globe. To a significant degree, these flat boundaries between strata are the result of liquefaction sorting after burial of minerals (along with animal fossils and vegetation in coal seams, etc.). Thus liquefaction helps to explain both the geologic column and the formation of highly purified (limestone, diatomaceous, etc.) deposits, through its potential for even virtually continent-wide sorting of minerals into differentiated layers. See rsr.org/liquefaction!

* RSR Interviews the World's Most Popular Authority on Jericho: Based on Google search rankings, archaeologist Bryant Wood is the world's most popular authority on: Jericho excavation. Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams have a great time celebrating with Dr. Wood the many discoveries of secular archaeologists that confirm important details in Joshua's account of the city and its destruction. Thus the ruins of perhaps the world's greatest, oldest city corroborate one of the most amazing accounts in the Bible.

* Post-show Note: The two short RSR videos below are about to pass 4,000 and 8,000 views! Check 'em out! [UPDATE: Well, that worked! As of March 2014, the dino soft tissue video is now almost at 18,000 views! Now we need to give the Jack Horner/14c video a bit more of a boost! :) Thanks guys!] BTW, as you look at them that will boost their numbers of views, which thereby helps more people discover them because they will therefore rank higher in various search results. (As an aside: If there is an important web page that you'd like to help more people find, rather than typing in its address, like rsr.org/dinosaur-soft-tissue, instead you can search for:
                               dinosaur soft tissue
Then by clicking on the article that you want to promote (like ours at kgov :), you'll be helping to increase its rankings in search engine results! (You can try this to help us promote: young earth, at our youngearth.com, and: nautiloids, at youngearth.com, and: what does the bible say about abortion, at Bob Enyart's article at AmericanRTL.org, and what does the bible say about pot, right here at KGOV.com/pot. Thanks!

* The Bible Gets Easier to Understand:  Apparent contradictions plague many Bible students. Therefore in his life's work, The Plot, Bob Enyart set out to demonstrate how hundreds of such contradictions disappear when the reader applies the big picture of the Bible to its details. Tunnel vision focuses so narrowly on a problem that the solution often lies just out of view. As the pastor of Denver Bible Church, Bob Enyart teaches Christians how to use the whole counsel of God to understand the plot of the Bible and solve biblical mysteries. As with all of our BEL resources, The Plot comes with a 30-day money-back guarantee! And as we become proficient in the big picture, that is, the overview of the story of the Bible, then countless details, including as one small example, about the cities of refuge, become increasingly clear!

* A Related Bible Study on the Cities of Refuge: The Old Testament account of the cities of refuge can be very hard to understand... until you see that the story is about Jesus. Check it out in the Bible and enjoy it as taught in Volume II of Bob's study of the Book of Joshua!

Today's Resource: Get both volumes, I & II, of  Bob Enyart's verse-by-verse study of The Book of Joshua, for a discounted price. And you can enjoy these or any of Bob's studies, made available by book title or by topic, or you can subscribe or donate online or by calling 1-800-8Enyart (303-463-7789).

* Since Carbon-14 is EVERYWHERE It Can't Be an Anomaly: Carbon 14 doesn't lie. Yet 14c is everywhere it shouldn't be. Unless from a secondary source, like contamination or neutron capture, anything millions of years old should have NO Carbon-14. However diamonds are virtually impervious to contamination, and the world's vast fossil fuel deposits are not radioactive. Therefore neutron capture and contamination cannot explain the significant quantities of radiocarbon in such specimens. (Confused? See rsr.org/14c.) Yet scientists consistently find C-14, as reported in 2011 in the journal PLoS One for an allegedly 80-million year old mosasaur, and as reported elsewhere in natural gas, limestone, fossil wood, coal, oil, graphite, marble, ten dinosaurs, and even in supposedly billion-year-old diamonds.

* Public Access to 14c Journal Paper: Upon request from RSR, the Creation Research Society has made available to the public a 2007 paper that documents the process of testing natural gas from a deep well for Carbon 14. Without a subscription, you can see all the abstracts from that issue, Vol. 44, Num. 2, and now for the first time, you can read John Doughty's paper, Deep Wells -- Deep Time?

* Facebook.com/RealScienceRadio Page: Apparently, in a fit of madness, as though we don't already have too much to do, we created a RSR Facebook page. Yikes! So, if you're into that kind of thing, we'd be so grateful if you would like, or join, or comment, or whatever it is you can do, at our new RSR Facebook page at facebook.com/realscienceradio! Thanks!

* Wet and Wrinkly: Why do our fingers get wrinkly when we stay in the water for a long time? After a few science news items, Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams present a summary of their Carbon 14 argument. To begin with though, they talk about:
- An astronaut who thanked Walt Brown for his tremendous contribution to the scientific understanding of the world.
- The various film producers who've met with the RSR guys regarding a few different projects, including one who flew out from Hollywood to present a private Real Science Radio screening of his new science film on the big bang.
- Researches have discovered that we are able to handle wet objects better when our fingers are wrinkly. That discovery reveals yet another design feature that God included in His functional specification for creating the part of the human being that we call our body. Man is body, soul, and spirit (1 Thes. 5:23; rsr.org/three). One of the great articles in the July - September 2013 Creation magazine includes one explaining that our fingers get wrinkly during lengthy baths and swims because God lovingly designed us that way! The guys also discuss articles about the non-chemical antibiotic that God designed for cicadas, and the "predator that replaced the dinosaurs" that turns out to be a gentle herbivore.

* Canada's Death Panels Praised by Slate.com: Bob Enyart talks about Canada's death panels, which are approved of and longed for over at Slate, that godless news and commentary website. Then Bob reviews the details of perhaps the first case in the U.S. when doctors asked the courts, back in 1991, to overrule the family and to give them the authority to kill a patient (i.e., an early death panel).

* BEL FLASHBACK -- Bob Enyart Interviews Abortionist Warren Hern: On July 3, 1991, Boulder, Colorado late-term abortionist Warren Hern appeared as a guest on a 50,000-watt Denver radio station on the pro-life radio program Bob Enyart Live.

As published in the Denver Catholic Register and Bob Enyart's The Rational Inspirer newsletter, the following dialogue on Denver radio's AM 800 KLTT occurred between Mr. Enyart and nationally-known author of the Abortion Practice textbook, Boulder Colorado's late-term abortionist Warren Hern:

HERN: Abortion has to do with fundamental decisions people make about their lives... Of course the public debate is about who is going to make that decision. The individual or the state.

ENYART: So women and families should make the decisions, these life or death decisions?
HERN: Yes.

ENYART: Did you notice the news story this week; some doctors went to a judge to try and appoint a legal guardian for a woman who was in a coma? Her husband wanted to continue medical treatment.
HERN: Yes, I saw that.

Note: That euthanasia case was of Oliver and Helga Wanglie (right) as reported in the October 1991 ABA Journal.

ENYART: But the doctors wanted to cancel medical treatment.
HERN: Right.

ENYART: Would you have agreed with that judge, then, that no, those doctors didn't have a right to appoint a legal guardian?
HERN: No, I think the doctors were doing the right thing and I support the doctors' point of view although I'm not involved in that case and it has obviously nothing to do with abortion. But I think it's absurd to maintain someone on life support systems when they are not even functioning.

ENYART: So even thought the immediate family wanted to continue to medical care, you would have taken that decision away from the family?

*  Don Johnson on RSR re: the Book: Real Science Radio host Bob Enyart concludes his interview with Dr. Don Johnson. Have you noticed? In conversations with secular evolutionists, Bob and Don note that most of them when pressed will suggest that something that is wildly unlikely (such as a DNA sequence arising that would code for a unique protein) is just as likely to happen as things that are virtually 100% certain (like still having a deck of cards after you've shuffled them, or still having a beach after a child has played in the sand). The order of the cards in the deck and of the grains of sand have been mixed up, but in both cases, after making a sand castle and after shuffling, it's about 100% likely that you still have a beach and a deck of cards. Such atheists present themselves as unable to distinguish probabilities between something certain and something that has less than a googol-to-one chance of occurring. You might not want to miss Part 1 of this important interview!

For this show, RSR recommends
Dr. Don Johnson's Programming of Life DVD
and as a free gift, we'll send along
the accompanying book!

* RSR Flashback: Did Miller/Urey Create Life in the Lab? Articles in the Rocky Mountain News (before it folded) and in the Colorado Springs Gazette (back when they could afford to keep their archives online) quoted Denver Museum curator Dr. Kirk Johnson saying that creationists like our friends at BC Tours are "quite backward and intellectually dishonest" and that "they don't believe science exists." This came from the man, whom we refer to as Captain Kirk, who told us that he doesn't know if he exists! Bob's letter to the Gazette quotes from a Denver Museum exhibit and then asks, "It's been fifty years since that Miller experiment. Don't they know if they made life yet or not?"

* "We Don't Know When Life Begins" From a great article at American Right To Life:

Ten thousand times over, the Roe v. Wade opinion has been quoted approvingly by those who advocate the killing of unborn children: "We need not resolve the difficult question of when life begins." During the 2008 U.S. presidential race, then-Senator Barack Obama said during a candidate forum regarding when a "baby" gets "human rights," that "answering that question" even from "a scientific perspective... is above my pay grade." President Obama and Nancy Pelosi, for example, as representative leaders of their political party, have both indicated that even "scientifically," it is not known when life begins. Unless they ask God to soften their hard hearts, they will never understand the precious personhood of the child, at least not as long as they pretend to be so confused even regarding biological life.

* RSR Adds: Remember though, far worse than an atheist/liberal/democrat/unbeleiver approving of abortion is the Christian/conservative/creationist/pro-lifer who knows that the unborn child is a person made in God's image, who then consents to killing one.

*  Don Johnson on RSR re: the Book: Real Science Radio host Bob Enyart interviewed Dr. Don Johnson who earned  Ph.D.s in both Computer & Information Sciences from the University of Minnesota and in Chemistry from Michigan State University and has been a senior scientist in industry and taught at universities in the U.S. and Europe. Dr. Johnson has produced simply the greatest cell biology DVD ever made: Programming of Life! On today's program, Bob and Don discuss the book behind the DVD. And check out the conclusion of today's interview in Part 2.

*  How Many Proteins Does It Take To Screw In a Light Bulb? No joke. Actually, the scientific question is: How many proteins does it take to make a protein? The answer: 150. Hopefully that realization will help light a bulb for an evolutionist. For apart from the Creator God, the claim of the materialistic origin of life is hopelessly circular and makes no sense.

For this show, RSR recommends
Dr. Don Johnson's Programming of Life DVD
and as a free gift
we'll send along the accompanying book!

* Analyzing the Great Works of Literature -- Via Spelling: Debating RSR, atheist AronRa claimed that the study of evolution (to Darwinists, this means, the study of all life) is primarily an investigation among species of the different frequencies of alleles (which are differing versions of genes). This is as insufficient an approach to understanding life as it would be to attempt to comprehend the great works of literature by focusing on spelling variations.
 

*  One Dead Protein : Bob Enyart points out that even if a trillion universes all pulled together to overcome the odds of a protein forming and folding by chance, and natural processes produced the first protein... so what? All you'd have is a single, non-living protein molecule.

* Interview & Photo from iDINO's Mark Armitage: Fulfilling last year's promise, Mark Armitage of the CRS iDINO project presents Real Science Radio with a formerly unpublished photo (right) of soft tissue in a Triceratops horn. It's beautiful! (Well, in the eyes of the beholder, anyway. But God Himself probably thinks it's pretty cool too!) Armitage, a Creation Research Society board member and microscopy expert, along with iDINO microbiologist Dr. Kevin Anderson, excavated a Triceratops horn from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana. As with scientists from Harvard, North Carolina State, and dozens of other universities and institutions, they broke it open and... Guess what!

* RSR Mark Armitage Interviews: You just might love these:
- 2021 Microscopy Today: Still-soft blood clots from six dinosaurs
- 2021 Paleontology Breakthrough! Now, dinosaur nerve bundles
- 2014 Cal State Scientist Fired for Dino Photos, Now on RSR
- 2013 Triceratops Soft Tissue: Osteocytes with filipodia no less
- 2012 Electron Microscope Lab Dir. Brings Dino Tissue to RSR

- 2016 Update: Armitage won a half-million dollar settlement for his unlawful termination/religious discrimination lawsuit against California State University! Congratulations Mark!

* Armitage and Anderson at Acta Histochemica: One of the latest of hundreds of peer-reviewed papers published by Darwin Doubters and even by (say it's not so) creationists, the prestigious secular journal Acta Histochemica has published the paper by Mark Armitage and Kevin Anderson titled, Soft sheets of fibrillar bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus in Volume 115, Issue 6, July 2013, pp. 603–608; Mark Hollis Armitage, Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA; Kevin Lee Anderson, Department of Biology, Arkansas State University Beebe, Beebe, AR, USA.

* Armitage Dinosaur Prediction Confirmed: The science prediction by Armitage in this video, uploaded to YouTube in December 2014, was confirmed in June 2015 when the journal Nature Communications reported that endogenous (original) soft tissue was found in six of eight dinosaur bones investigated, leading to the conclusion that "preservation is more common than previously thought." As co-author of one of the primary papers In a prestigious peer-reviewed science journal documenting dinosaur soft tissue, Mark said about this finding: "My prediction is this. The fossil record is full of soft tissue. This is the norm, rather than the exception. That's my prediction." This was an independent record of the obvious implications of biblical creation, for at rsr.org/predictions, also in 2014, we published our own prediction: "Dinosaur soft tissue will be found not only in rare circumstances, but rather easily, i.e., when looked for." CONFIRMED!
 

* Armitage Compliments the RSR Dino Soft Tissue Page: Mark Armitage complimented our DinosaurSoftTissue.com listing as the web's most complete catalog of peer-reviewed journal papers confirming the existence of original biological tissue from dinosaurs!

* Another Fun RSR List Show: In Real Science Radio's List of the Fine Tuned Features of the Universe, Bob Enyart quotes leading scientists and their astounding admission of the uncanny and seemingly never-ending list of the just-perfect finely tuned parameters of the physical features of the Earth, the solar system, and the entire cosmos. This program is brought to you by God, maker of heaven and earth and other fine products!

* The Finely Tuned Parameters of the Universe: Barrow & Tipler, in their standard treatment, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, admit that "there exist a number of unlikely coincidences between numbers of enormous magnitude that are, superficially, completely independent; moreover, these coincidences appear essential to the existence of carbon-based observers in the Universe," and include the wildly unlikely combination of:
- the electron to proton ratio standard deviation of 1 to 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (37 0s)
- the 1-to-1 electron to proton ratio throughout the universe yields our electrically neutral universe
- the electron to proton mass ratio (1 to 1,836) perfect for forming molecules
- the electromagnetic and gravitational forces finely tuned for the stability of stars
- the gravitational and inertial mass equivalency
- the electromagnetic force constant perfect for holding electrons to nuclei
- the electromagnetic force in the right ratio to the nuclear force
- the strong force (which if changed by 1% would destroy all carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and heavier elements)
- all electrons in the universe are identical as are all instances of each fundamental particle
- etc., etc., etc. (including the shocking apparent alignment of the universe with the orbit of the Earth)

Omitting the Cosmological Constant: We have omitted from this list the commonly reported fine tuning of the cosmological constant to one part in 10 to the 120th. This is so very precise that if the entire universe had as much additional mass as exists in a single grain of sand, it would all collapse upon itself. That is, if a big bang actually formed our universe, and if it created a miniscule additional amount of mass than it is claimed to have created, then no planets, stars, or galaxies could exist. Conversely, if the universe had less mass, by that same quantity, matter would never have coalesced to become planets, stars, and galaxies, and again, we would not exist. So, why doesn't Real Science Radio include this astoundingly fine-tuned parameter in our list? Well, as physicist John Hartnett points out, the cosmological constant is only a fine-tuning problem for the big bang theory, so it is an argument only against a big bang universe, whereas in our actual universe, it is not a fine tuning issue. So, the comsomological constant does refute big bang cosmology, at least, for anyone who is objective, has common sense, and is not desperately trying to ignore the evidence for the Creator. (By the way, since NASA says that the confirmed predictions of the big bang theory are what validates it, you might want to Google: big bang predictions, and you'll find our article ranked #1 out of half-a-million, at rsr.org/bbp, presenting the actual track record of the predictions of the theory. Also, if you Google: evidence against the big bang, you'll find our article on that topic near the top of the first page of Google results!)

* The Whopping Physics Coincidence: NewScientist reports about gravity and acceleration that, "a large chunk of modern physics is precariously balanced on a whopping coincidence" for, regarding gravitational and inertial mass, "these two masses are always numerically exactly the same. The consequences of this coincidence are profound..."

* The Finely Tuned Parameters of the Solar System include:
- Our Sun is positioned far from the Milky Way's center in a galactic goldilocks zone of low radiation
- Our Sun placed in an arm of the Milky Way puts it where we can discover a vast swath of the entire universe
- Earth's orbit is nearly circular (eccentricity ~ 0.02) around the Sun providing a stability in a range of vital factors
- Earth's orbit has a low inclination keeping it's temperatures within a range permitting diverse ecosystems
- Earth's axial tilt is within a range that helps to stabilize our planet's climate
- the Moon's mass helps stabilize the Earth's tilt on its axis, which provides for the diversity of alternating seasons
- the Moon's distance from the Earth provides tides to keep life thriving in our oceans, and thus, worldwide
- the Moon's nearly circular orbit (eccentricity ~ 0.05) makes it's influence extraordinarily reliable
- the Moon is 1/400th the size of the Sun, and at 1/400th its distance, enables educational perfect eclipses
- the Earth's distance from the Sun provides for great quantities of life and climate-sustaining liquid water
- the Sun's extraordinary stable output of the energy
- the Sun's mass and size are just right for Earth's biosystem
- the Sun's luminosity and temperature are just right to provide for Earth's extraordinary range of ecosystems
- the color of the Sun's light from is tuned for maximum benefit for our plant life (photosynthesis)
- the Sun's low "metallicity" prevents the destruction of life on Earth
- etc., etc., etc.

* What is the Multiverse? In June of 2016, Fred Williams passed along a question from a listener to his Real Science Radio co-host Bob Enyart.
Q: "What is the Multiverse?"
A: "The multiverse is a yardstick used to measure the strength of the fine tuning argument for God."
But then...
Q: "Why do so many atheists support the multiverse?"
A: "The degree of acceptance of the multiverse
measures the desperation of atheists."

* The Finely Tuned Earth includes:
- the Earth's surface gravity strength prevents the atmosphere from rapidly losing water to space
- the Earth's just-right ozone layer filters out ultraviolet radiation and helps mitigate temperature swings
- the Earth's spin rate on its axis provides for a range of day and nightime temperatures to allow life to thrive
- the atmosphere's composition (20% oxygen, etc.) provides for life's high energy requirements
- if Earth's oxygen content were higher, forest fires would worsen; at 30%-40% the atmosphere could ignite
- the atmosphere's pressure enables our lungs to function and water to evaporate at an optimal rate to support life
- the atmosphere's transparency to allow an optimal range of life-giving solar radiation to reach the surface
- the atmosphere's capactity to hold water vaper provides for stable temperature and rainfall ranges 
- efficient life-giving photosynthesis depends on quantum physics, as reported in the journal PNAS
- organisms do not metabolize lignin (component in soil) for otherwise most all plant life would be impossible
- the water molecule's astounding robustness results from finely balanced quantum effects. As reported by New Scientist, "Water's life-giving properties exist on a knife-edge. It turns out that life as we know it relies on a fortuitous, but incredibly delicate, balance of quantum forces. ... We are used to the idea that the cosmos' physical constraints are fine-tuned for life. Now it seems water's quantum forces can be added to this 'just right' list."
- water is an unrivaled solvent; its low viscosity permits the tiniest blood vessels; its high specific heat stabilizes biosphere temperatures; its low thermal conductivity as a solid insulates frozen-over lakes and as a liquid its high conductivity lets organisms distribute heat; its an efficient lubricant; is only mildly reactive; has an anomalous (fish-saving) expansion when it freezes; its high vapor tension keeps moisture in the atmosphere; and it tastes great too!
- the phenomenally harmonious water cycle
- water permits the passage of the Sun's life-giving radiation to depths of 500 meters
- the carbon atom's astounding capabilities. As Cambridge astronomer Fred Hoyle wrote: "Some super-calculating intellect must have designed the properties of the carbon atom, otherwise the chance of my finding such an atom through the blind forces of nature would be utterly minuscule. A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question."
- etc., etc., etc.