* Work Like an Egyptian: to pay off the national debt. (See just below for the origin of the word Pharaoh.) On today's broadcast, Bob Enyart tells of his visit with his wife Cheryl and their three youngest home-schooled boys to National Geographic's fabulous King Tut exhibit at the Denver Art Museum. (This visit was when a museum official treated Bob and friends to a wonderful dinner at their Palette's restaurant in the museum itself.)
* The Term Pharaoh and the Biblical Perspective: The scriptural perspective of man, history, and civilization is greatly reinforced by the scientific discipline of Egyptology. For many examples see rsr.org/exodus and for another, consider that...
* The Hebrews Gave the Term "Pharaoh" to the World: Recall that our English word "alphabet" comes from the first two letters of the Hebrew alphabet, aleph and bet. Then consider that the very term Pharaoh, for Egypt's ancient kings, is not an Egyptian but a Hebrew word, the title describing an Egyptian phrase for palace, which word referring to the king appears repeatedly in the books of Moses in the Scriptures. That the term Pharaoh is Hebrew and not Egyptian (although even Egypt then adopted it) is learned in the first exhibit in National Geographic's King Tut world tour. The Enyart family toured this traveling exhibit at the Denver Art Museum, and a Seattle blogger saw this at the Pacific Science Center. In Canada, during the Tut's Ontario exhibition, CJN reported:
...organized by the National Geographic Society... in co-operation with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquitie... an explanatory inscription observes [that] the word pharaoh comes from a Hebrew word in the Bible referring to a ruler in Egypt. This word, in turn, is derived from an Egyptian phrase, per aa, which means great house, or royal palace, said the exhibit’s curator, David Silverman, a professor of near eastern languages and civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania.
...organized by the National Geographic Society... in co-operation with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquitie... an explanatory inscription observes [that] the word pharaoh comes from a Hebrew word in the Bible referring to a ruler in Egypt. This word, in turn, is derived from an Egyptian phrase, per aa, which means great house, or royal palace, said the exhibit’s curator, David Silverman, a professor of near eastern languages and civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania.Because National Geographic is biased against the historicity of the Bible, therefore, their conclusion on the etymology of the title "Pharaoh" is like testimony contrary to interest, and is therefore especially weighty. Of course intense bias against Scripture is shared by the culture at large and among most modern scholarship, so not surprisingly, the Wikipedia entry and online etymology incorrectly claim a Greek origin for the term and thereby obscure its Hebrew origin.
* Scholar Chilperic Edwards on Pharaoh as a Hebrew Word: Chilperic Edwards, translator of the Code of Hammurabi, stated regarding the non-Egyptian origin of the name of Pharaoh:
"Pharaoh was the name given by Hebrew writers to the king of Egypt. ... It has been pretended that [the word Pharaoh] is a corruption of the Egyptian pa-oura, which is said to mean "the king". But ur, or oura, simply means a chief, or headman, and has not yet been found applied to any monarch. ...no word, term, or title resembling Pharaoh has yet been found upon any Egyptian monument applied to any king."
Though writing more than a century ago, Edwards' observation stands the test of time in the point that Pharaoh was not a traditional term for the King of Egypt. (For examples of Egypt's gradual adoption of the term, see Wikipedia's Etymology section, and for questions of date ranges in that section consider our observation over at rsr.org/egypt#inconsistencies-in-timelines.) Regarding Edwards, we reference him for his succinct statement that "Pharaoh" is not an Egyptian but a Hebrew word. However, he was not keen on the idea that the Hebrew word "Pharaoh" had derived from the Egyptian pr-aA, "great house". Regardless though of his opinion on the etymology of the Hebrew word, the significance is that he recognizes that "Pharaoh" is not an Egyptian word, and that it was not an Egyptian term for their king. Why is this important? Almost all secular scholars join with those who reject the historical basis for the Exodus in discounting any significant role for the Jews in ancient Egypt. However, consider that the Hebrews gave to the ancient world, and eventually even to the ancient Egyptians themselves, the term Pharaoh. Just as "White House" refers to the leader of the United States, "Today the White House proposed...", so too because of the Jews, the entire world uses the word Pharaoh, from the King's palace, pr-aA, as a metaphor for the King of Egypt, because of the Hebrews.
* Alan Gardiner and TLA Transliteration of Palace: The screenshot below (click to enlarge it) is from the powerful web resource Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae. See displayed both the hieroglyphics and the English transliteration pr-aA for the Egyptian word for "palace". Likewise, see the inset just above from page 34 (click for more) of the 1909 Ipuwer translation by Alan Gardiner, misnamed The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage. The transliteration for "palace" there, some few hundred years after Joseph (by an Exodus-based chronology) is pr-wr.
* Whence Comes Pharaoh: Interestingly, the title Pharaoh is Jewish while the name Moses is Egyptian. And the world speaks the particular word Pharaoh, not from the Egyptian language, but from the Hebrew and because of the Bible which uses the word more than 200 times. This is a tiny example of the observation that all of human history, language, and knowledge is comprehensible only in light of God's Word.
* The Jews Gave the Word "Goshen" to Egypt: [This 2020 update comes from Tim Mahoney's Patterns of Evidence III, The Red Sea Miracle film reviewed on RSR.] In the early 2000s after years leading Egyptian excavations Egyptologist Manfred Bietak on camera answers Mahoney's question about evidence for the Israelites in Egypt, bluntly stating, "So far, not." That wasn't the "so far" of a hopeful investigator but rather as a mainstream scholar he did not recognize the historicity of the Hebrew sojourn and added, "To connect this with the Israelites is a very weak affair." Fast forward more than a decade later and Mahoney again interviews him, asking about any knowledge gained in the intervening years, "Do you [now] see a place where the Israelites could have lived?" And in a dramatic reversal, "A very exciting evidence comes from the region of the Wadi Tumilat" Bietak says pointing to the Goshen region on a map. "I was able to prove that the western half of Wadi Tumilat was an enormous overflow lake, because it was a kind of enormous basin, fed by a branch of the Nile, eighteen kilometers long, 1.8 kilometers wide. What is most interesting, Sarah Groll [the late linquist Egyptologist toponyms expert] pointed it out, there is a lake in one of the Ramesside texts called Geshem, Gesem." This is one of a number of semitic place names Groll identified. "And indeed in the Septuagint version," Bietak continued, "Goshen is written as Gesem. … Gesem is a semitic lake tied to a big lake, and it can only be this lake" he says tapping on the map at Goshen. So Mahoney askms why semitic place names would appear in Egypt and Bietak answered. "Why did Egyptian scribes for heavens sake use semitic toponyms for an area that belongs to Egypt? It could only mean that the people living there, the majority, spoke a semitic language. Here we have the name Pithom tied to a Ramasside document" pointing again to the map. "I think that one should not mistrust the story of the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt. I think there is packed inside, a story which may have an historic background."
[And here's our 2014 Goshen comment.] As with pharaoh, another word that appears to have come from the Jews is the Hebrew word Goshen which refers to a fertile region of the Nile delta. At least by the time of Egypt's 26th dynasty (664 - 525 B.C.), Egyptians themselves called this area Gesem, which is the Septuagint’s Greek translation of Goshen. [2020 Note: The above brings this back historically to 1292 - 1213 B.C. in the Ramesside period of the 19th dynasty.] This word seems to "only [have] meaning through Hebrew, as if it were a word meaningful only to the Hebrews who settled there". [That observation has been removed from the Wikipedia article it was quoted from.] The Septuagint translation suggests the meaning "'cultivated'—comparing the Arabic root j-š-m, 'to labor.'" With the Jews giving to the world the words Pharaoh and Goshen, consider then how great the significance if it turned out that the Egyptian name Ramses also originated with them.
* What If the Name Ramses Had a Similar Origin? Realizing, by the material above, the Hebrew origins for the words pharaoh and Goshen, though previously unthinkable, might another important Egyptian name have originated with Joseph? The name Ramses means born of Ra, the sun god. Early in Egypt's history, by the Fifth Dynasty (~2500 - 2350 B.C.) the Pharaoh was said to be the son of Ra. Yet for a thousand years, no city, region, or king was named Ramses. Joseph's initial years in Egypt led to his exaltation by Pharaoh. Easily he could then have described to his family this land by using an Egyptian term, "of him who was born of Ra", that is, the "the land of Rameses" (Gen. 47:11). That same chapter, Genesis 47, explains that even "the land became Pharaoh’s". So in the telling of those events, Egypt really had become "the land of Rameses". So, did Joseph coin that term? If the Jews were the ones who popularized this name, then the references to Ramses in Genesis 47:11 and Exodus 1:11 would not even be anachronisms. For then, as with Goshen and, stunningly, even the term Pharaoh itself, the Jews would be the source of the name Ramses too. Consider also the extensive archaeological evidence that a Semite people built and dwelt in Egypt's large delta city of Avaris, which city has been excavated from beneath the city of Ramses! Thus the New Kingdom's Ramses Dynasty may have taken it's name (like da Vinci, etc.), from the place of its origin, rather than the reverse. If ever established, of course, this would wreak havoc among Moses' critics.
* Baracktut Obamankhamun: Oh yeah, and there was just something about the drawing of Tutankhamun (see the cover, above, of the Edwards and Kelley book). That image reminded us, and everyone else in the museum gift shop, of Obamankhamun more so than of any teenage pharaoh. Consider that in November 2007, the Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, Zahi Hawass asserted in Ancient Egypt Magazine, that none of the popular facial reconstruction efforts resulted in anything resembling the real Tut and that in his opinion the most accurate representation of the boy king is the mask from his tomb (see left, and compare that with the above book cover drawing, which we're affectionately calling Baracktut).
* New Military Drone the Gorgon Stare: Bob discusses the next generation unmanned aerial vehicle that the U.S. Air Force is about to deploy. Meanwhile, Osama bin Sittin in a basement on the Pakistan border with Afghanistan. Still. (Since Tora Bora, Bob has been saying that undoubtedly bin Laden hiding out in Pakistan). And the media has a hard time figuring out how to care about Christians who are killed by Muslims, including those Egyptian Copts murdered by terrorists on New Year's Eve. Finally, what makes a criminal a terrorist rather than just a garden-variety murderer? See kgov.com/terror.
* What About Bob? What's it like to be Bob Enyart? Today our third of seven sons called to say, "Dad, when people mention that God hardened pharaoh's heart, and presume that means some kind of mysterious manipulation, they forget that we mere mortals harden hearts all the time. A politician hardens his opponents hearts just by speaking and a scam televangelist hardens the hearts of millions against God. So of course, by the plagues that mocked the gods of the Egyptians, of course that's how God hardened pharaoh's heart." Wise son. Then listening on speaker, our seventh son chimed in. "Also, for the first five plagues Moses wrote that pharaoh's hard was hardened, that is, he had been hardening his own heart, and so it wasn't until later that God further hardened pharaoh's heart, and yeah, that was by bringing the plagues." Wise, wise sons!
* Unrelated: Highlighting the reliability of Real Science Radio, regular science failed in its prediction that American Pharoah would lose the 2015 Triple Crown. :)
Today’s Resource: Have you browsed through our Science Department in the KGOV Store? Check out especially our Hydroplate Theory materials on Dr. Walt Brown’s global flood model!